Climate
 yanayi | |
|---|---|
yanayi na halitta da scientific concept (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | physical phenomenon (en) , natural system (en) da climatology |
| Bangare na | yanayi na halitta |
| Fuskar | Earth system science (en) da atmosphere–ocean system (en) |
| Karatun ta | climatology da meteorology (en) |
| Has characteristic (en) | temperature, Yayafi, Danshi, guguwa da Matsin yanayi |
| Subject named as (en) | Klima |
| Determination method or standard (en) | WMO Climate Normals definition (en) da Glossary of Meteorology (en) |
Yanayi shine yanayin yanayi na dogon lokaci a cikin yanki, yawanci matsakaicin sama da shekaru 30.[1][2] Fiye da haka, shine matsakaici da bambancin canjin yanayi a tsawon lokaci daga watanni zuwa miliyoyin shekaru. Wasu daga cikin masu canji na yanayi waɗanda aka saba auna su ne zafin jiki, danshi, Matsin yanayi, iska, da hazo. A cikin ma'ana mai zurfi, yanayi shine yanayin abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin yanayi, gami da yanayi, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere da biosphere da ruwa hulɗar tsakanin su.[1] Yanayin yanayi na wani wuri yana shafar latitude, longitude, ƙasa, tsawo, Amfani da ƙasa da ruwa da ke kusa da su da kuma raƙuman su.[3]
Ana iya rarraba yanayi bisa ga matsakaicin da masu canji na al'ada, galibi zafin jiki da hazo. Tsarin rarrabuwa da aka fi amfani dashi shine rarraba yanayi na Köppen. Tsarin Thornthwaite, [4] wanda ake amfani dashi tun shekarar 1948, ya haɗa da evapotranspiration tare da yanayin zafi da bayanin hazo kuma ana amfani dashi wajen nazarin bambancin halittu da yadda Canjin yanayi ke shafar shi. Manyan rarrabuwa a cikin rarrabawar yanayi na Thornthwaite sune microthermal, mesothermal, da megathermal.[5] A ƙarshe, tsarin rarrabawar Bergeron da Spatial Synoptic yana mai da hankali kan asalin iska wanda ke bayyana yanayin yankin.
Paleoclimatology shine nazarin yanayin yanayi na dā. Masana ilimin yanayi na zamanin d ̄ a suna neman bayyana bambancin yanayi ga dukkan sassan Duniya a kowane lokacin da aka ba su, farawa da lokacin da aka kafa Duniya.[6] Tun da yake akwai ƙananan abubuwan lura na kai tsaye na yanayi kafin karni na 19, ana ƙaddara yanayin yanayi daga masu canji. Sun haɗa da shaidar da ba ta ƙwayoyin cuta ba - kamar su datti da aka samo a cikin gadajen tafkin da ƙwayoyin ƙanƙara - da shaidar ƙwayoyin halitta - kamar zoben itace da murjani. Misalai na yanayi sune tsarin lissafi na yanayi na baya, yanzu, da na gaba. Canjin yanayi na iya faruwa a cikin dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci saboda dalilai daban-daban. Ana tattauna dumama na baya-bayan nan dangane da dumama na duniya, wanda ke haifar da sake rarraba halittu. , kamar yadda masanin kimiyyar yanayi Lesley Ann Hughes ya rubuta: "canji na 3 ° C [5 ° F] a cikin matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya dace da canji a cikin isotherms na kusan 300-400 [190-250 mi] a latitude (a cikin yankin matsakaici) ko 500 metres (1,600 ft) m a tsawo. Saboda haka, ana sa ran jinsuna su matsa sama a cikin tsawo ko zuwa ga sanduna a cikin latitude don mayar da martani ga sauya yanayin yanayi.[7]
Yanayi (daga Tsohon Girkanci '') ana bayyana shi azaman matsakaicin yanayi a tsawon lokaci. Matsakaicin matsakaicin lokaci shine shekaru 30, amma ana iya amfani da wasu lokuta dangane da manufar.[8] Yanayi kuma ya haɗa da kididdigar da ba matsakaici ba, kamar girman bambancin yau da kullun ko shekara-shekara. Kwamitin Intergovernmental kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) shekarar 2001 ma'anar ƙamus kamar haka:
Rashin iskar gas daga ayyukan ɗan adam yana ƙarfafa tasirin greenhouse. Wannan yana taimakawa ga Canjin yanayi. Mafi yawa shine carbon dioxide daga ƙone burbushin burbushin: kwal, mai, da iskar gas. Rashin hayaki da mutum ya haifar ya kara yawan carbon dioxide na yanayi da kusan kashi 50% a kan matakan da suka gabata. Rashin fitarwa a cikin shekarun 2010 ya kai kimanin tan biliyan 56 (Gt) a shekara.[1] A cikin 2016, makamashi don wutar lantarki, zafi da sufuri yana da alhakin kashi 73.2% na hayakin GHG. Hanyoyin masana'antu kai tsaye sun kai 5.2%, sharar gida don 3.2% da noma, gandun daji da amfani da ƙasa don 18.4%.[2]
WMO ta samo asali ne daga Ƙungiyar, Meteorological ta Duniya wacce ta kafa kwamiti na fasaha don ilimin yanayi a cikin shekarar 1929. A taron Wiesbaden na shekarar 1934, hukumar fasaha ta sanya tsawon shekaru talatin daga shekarar 1901 zuwa 1930 a matsayin lokacin bincike don yanayin yanayi. A cikin shekarar 1982, WMO ta amince da sabunta yanayin yanayi, kuma an kammala waɗannan bisa ga bayanan yanayi daga 1 ga Janairu 1961 zuwa 31 ga Disamba 1990.[9] Yanayin yanayi na shekarar 1961-1990 ya zama lokacin tushe. Saitin na gaba na yanayin yanayi da WMO za ta buga daga shekarar 1991 zuwa 2020.[10] Baya ga tattarawa daga sauye-sauyen yanayi na yau da kullun (zafin jiki, matsin lamba, hazo da iska), wasu masu canji kamar danshi, ganuwa, adadin girgije, radiation na rana, zafin jiki na ƙasa, yawan evaporation, kwanaki tare da tsawa da kwanakin da ƙanƙara ana tattara su don auna canji a yanayin yanayi.
Bambanci tsakanin yanayi da yanayi an taƙaita shi da amfani ta hanyar sanannen magana "Halin yanayi shine abin da kuke tsammani, yanayi shine abin abin da kuke samu".A cikin tarihi tarihi, akwai kusan sauye-sauye da yawa waɗanda ke ƙayyade yanayi, gami da latitude, tsawo, rabo na ƙasa zuwa ruwa, da kusanci da teku da duwatsu. Duk waɗannan masu canji suna canzawa ne kawai a cikin miliyoyin shekaru saboda matakai kamar tectonics. Sauran abubuwan da ke ƙayyade yanayi sun fi ƙarfin gaske: yaduwar thermohaline na teku yana haifar da dumama 5 ° C (9 ° F) na arewacin Tekun Atlantika idan aka kwatanta da sauran wuraren teku.[11] Sauran raƙuman teku suna sake rarraba zafi tsakanin ƙasa da ruwa a kan sikelin yanki. Yawanci da nau'in shuke-shuke yana shafar shawo kan zafi na rana, riƙe ruwa, da ruwan sama a matakin yanki.[12] Canje-canje a cikin yawan iskar gas (musamman carbon dioxide da methane) yana ƙayyade adadin hasken rana da duniya ta riƙe, wanda ke haifar da dumama duniya ko sanyaya duniya. Masu canji waɗanda ke ƙayyade yanayi suna da yawa kuma suna da ma'amala mai rikitarwa, amma akwai yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya cewa an fahimci cikakkun bayanai, aƙalla gwargwadon abubuwan da ke ƙayyades canjin yanayi na tarihi. [13]
- 1 2 Matthews, J.B. Robin; Möller, Vincent; van Diemen, Renée; Fuglestvedt, Jan S.; Masson-Delmotte, Valérie; Méndez, Carlos; Semenov, Sergey; Reisinger, Andy (2021). "Annex VII. Glossary: IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" (PDF). IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. p. 2222. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
- ↑ Shepherd, J. Marshall; Shindell, Drew; O'Carroll, Cynthia M. (1 February 2005). "What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate?". NASA. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ↑ Gough, William A.; Leung, Andrew C. W. (2022). "Do Airports Have Their Own Climate?". Meteorology (in Turanci). 1 (2): 171–182. doi:10.3390/meteorology1020012. ISSN 2674-0494.
- ↑ Thornthwaite, C. W. (1948). "An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate" (PDF). Geographical Review. 38 (1): 55–94. Bibcode:1948GeoRv..38...55T. doi:10.2307/210739. JSTOR 210739. Archived from the original (PDF) on Jan 24, 2012. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
- ↑ "All About Climate". Education | National Geographic Society (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-09-25.
- ↑ "paleoclimatology | science". Britannica (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
- ↑ Hughes, Leslie (1 February 2000). "Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 15 (2): 56–61. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4. PMID 10652556. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
- ↑ "Climate averages". Met Office. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
- ↑ "Commission For Climatology: Over Eighty Years of Service" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. 2011. pp. 6, 8, 10, 21, 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
- ↑ "WMO Climatological Normals". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 2022-08-21. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
- ↑ Rahmstorf, Stefan. "The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation: A Brief Fact Sheet". Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. Archived from the original on 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
- ↑ de Werk, Gertjan; Mulder, Karel (2007). "Heat Absorption Cooling For Sustainable Air Conditioning of Households" (PDF). Sustainable Urban Areas Rotterdam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
- ↑ Ledley, T.S.; Sundquist, E. T.; Schwartz, S. E.; Hall, D. K.; Fellows, J. D.; Killeen, T. L. (1999). "Climate change and greenhouse gases". EOS. 80 (39): 453. Bibcode:1999EOSTr..80Q.453L. doi:10.1029/99EO00325.
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