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Pacifying Police Unit

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Composition of a unit of the PolĂ­cia Pacificadora (UPP), here on the occasion of the ceremony for the change of command of the units

The Pacifying Police Unit (Portuguese: Unidade de Polícia Pacificadora, also translated as Police Pacification Unit), abbreviated UPP, is a law enforcement and social services program pioneered in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which aims to reclaim territories, most commonly favelas, controlled by gangs of drug dealers. The program was created and implemented by State Public Security Secretary José Mariano Beltrame, with the backing of Rio Governor Sérgio Cabral. The stated goal of Rio's government is to install 40 UPPs by 2014. By May 2013, 231 favelas had come under the UPP umbrella.[needs update] The UPP program scored initial success expelling gangs, and won broad praise. But the expensive initiative expanded too far, too fast into dozens of favelas as state finances cratered, causing a devastating backslide that enabled gangs to recover some of their lost grip.[1]

UPP sought to implement "community-oriented policing" (in contrast to militarized policing).[2] According to one study, the effectiveness of UPP depended a lot on how preexisting criminal gangs were organized in any given territory.[2] In territories where criminal gangs effectively reduced violence and maintained order, UPP's presence was seen as undesirable by the community.[2] However, in territory where gangs did not restrain crime and violence, UPP officers were perceived by the community as legitimate.[2]

Background

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For decades, many of Rio de Janeiro's favelas have been controlled by gangs of armed drug traffickers. Beginning with the first UPP that was implemented in Santa Marta in 2008, many of Rio's major favelas have received pacifying police forces.[3] For decades, Rio has seen a cycle of police raiding favelas, having shootouts with traffickers, and then withdrawing again. And also part of the cycle were frequent wars between different traffickers, leading to more shootouts, endangering the lives of the people living in many of these favelas.

The favelas chosen for the UPP program have previously not paid for public utilities but would have to pay fees to whatever criminal organization controlled the area; this often leads to a recurrence of extortion and tax evasion.

Therefore, the concept for the UPP (which was given even more impetus once Rio was chosen to host the FIFA World Cup and the Summer Olympic Games) was finally put into action as a first-step solution to deal with the urban cycle of violence.

Implementation

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Before a UPP is established in a favela area, gang leaders are driven out by Rio's elite police battalion, BOPE, who search for heavy weaponry and drug caches (during this stage, and thereafter, there is an effort to encourage residents to report criminal activity to an anonymous phone number managed by Rio's government called Disque DenĂșncia).[4] The inauguration of a new UPP is timed with the exit of BOPE from the area and the replacement of hundreds of newly trained policemen, who work within the particular area of favelas as a permanent police force.

As of September 2013, 34 UPPs have been established within Rio de Janeiro with the stated goal of Rio's government to install 40 UPPs by 2014. Some UPPs, such as for that for Rocinha, only cover the territory of one specific favela, while other UPPs such as Manguinhos or Jacarezinho, also each cover smaller favela communities under their administrative umbrella.[5]

Other favelas that now have UPPs include Cidade de Deus, Dona Marta, and Morro da BabilĂŽnia. In general, where the UPPs have been implemented, violent crime has fallen dramatically, while property values have increased.[6]

Results

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Because the favelas with UPPs had formerly been controlled by armed drug traffickers for more than twenty-five years, the fear of retribution, which was a mainstay of the "law of the traffickers", is slow to die. For instance, in April 2012 when a drug trafficker who had formerly controlled the favela of Mangueira was shot and killed during a police operation in Jacarezinho (before the area had received its own UPP), others from the same criminal faction ordered businesses to close their doors early in Mangueira — which they did. This despite the fact that Mangueira has a permanent pacification police force as part of its own UPP.[7] A similar occurrence of businesses closing their doors early in Mangueira because the traffickers ordered it occurred in February 2013.[8]

In May 2012, Beltrame acknowledged that armed criminals had migrated from parts of Rio that have a large police presence due to areas with less police and no UPPs, such as nearby NiterĂłi, across the bay.[7][9] Beltrame has stated however that he believes based on analysis of crime data that only gang leaders higher in the hierarchy could reestablish in other favela communities (without UPPs); and that lower level traffickers have a much harder time integrating into other geographic areas.[10]

While the favela areas under pacification have seen improvements, the concentration of criminals has increased in other parts of Rio de Janeiro that don't have the direct benefits of permanent pacification police forces actively patrolling the neighborhoods. Among these are the Baixada Fluminense, NiterĂłi, and certain neighborhoods in the North Zone.[11]

It was obvious early on that criminals fled particular favelas before BOPE entered. Previously, when police had attempted to encircle a favela to arrest and kill traffickers in surprise attacks, large-scale shootouts would ensue, and innocent residents were caught in the crossfire.

PMERJ arrive to reinforce the UPP in Rocinha after gunfire.

While more high-profile gang leaders (also referred to in Rio's media as "traffickers") have been forced to leave favelas now administered by UPP police forces, their familial connections remain. Also, gang members from other favelas who are of the same faction as residents under UPPs, still coordinate and visit each other.[12] Exemplifying this point, one of Rio's newspapers reported on 9 July 2012 that groups of criminals fired upon police in different locations within the Complexo do AlemĂŁo on the same day that military forces completed their final withdrawal from the area.[13]

There is a well known history of police abuse and corruption in Rio de Janeiro, and for years this only added fuel to the war between drug traffickers controlling Rio's favelas and the police.[14]

In recent years there have been concerted efforts under Secretary Beltrame to root out corrupt police; and this is the very reason that the community policing of the favelas under the UPP program are staffed by new recruits coming straight from the UPP police academy.[13]

Beltrame has stated that the main purpose of the UPPs is more toward stopping armed men from ruling the streets than to put an end to drug trafficking. A 2010 report by the World Organization Against Torture (OMCT) did note the drop in the homicide rate within Rio de Janeiro's favelas.[15]

Other indicators

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A survey that was conducted among Rio's favela residents in July 2012 (where UPP's have been implemented) showed that there has been a reduction in the number of violent crimes and deaths. Other crimes that previously went unreported in favelas are now showing up in the crime statistics such as theft, domestic violence, and rape.[14] Other results of the survey showed that people felt more free to discuss previously taboo topics such as street violence and illegal drug activity, but many are still intimidated to speak out, fearing that the UPP measure is only temporary.[14]

Unemployment is reportedly quite low in some South Zone favelas such as Pavão-Pavãozinho, (in Copacabana) where the unemployment rate was reported as 5% in July 2012, compared with neighborhoods in the North Zone where life is often more difficult, where the median income is 34.4% less than in pacified favelas in the South Zone. In the South Zone favela of Chapéu Mangueira, (near Rio's famous beaches) 92.2% of residents own a cell phone.[16]

Journalists within Rio studying ballot results from the 2012 municipal elections observed that those living within favelas administered by UPPs distributed their votes among a wider spectrum of candidates compared to areas controlled by drug lords or other organized crime groups or gangs such as milĂ­cias.[17]

Violence

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On 23 July 2012, the first police officer to die in a UPP administered favela was shot and killed by criminals within the Nova BrasĂ­lia area of the Complexo do AlemĂŁo. At the time of the shooting, the female officer, 30-year-old Fabiana Aparecida de Souza, who had only been on the force a few months, was at a small UPP station within the favela, when the building was shot at by 12 assailants and she was hit in the abdomen by a rifle bullet. Ten minutes before this occurred, eight assailants shot at two officers patrolling the Pedra do Sapo part of the Complexo, but nobody was injured.[18]

The previous week, police were patrolling the area of Fazendinha within the Complexo when they were attacked two different times. In one of the incidents, a grenade was thrown which exploded near their patrol car.[19] (As a result of the attack resulting in the death of the police officer, an additional 500 UPP police officers were assigned to the Complexo, raising the total number to 1,800 officers working within that particular community).[20]

UPPs in Rio de Janeiro

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Date UPP established Unit (Unidade) UPP name Neighborhood (Bairro) Zone within Rio
2 December 2013 36ÂȘ UPP Camarista MĂ©ier MĂ©ier (UPP includes communities of Camarista MĂ©ier, Cachoeira Grande, Santa Terezinha, Nossa Senhora da Guia, Morro do CĂ©u Azul, Pretos Forros, Ouro Preto and Outeiro) North Zone
2 December 2013 35ÂȘ UPP Lins Lins de Vasconcelos (UPP includes Lins, Encontro, Bacia, Cotia, Amor, Barro Vermelho, Barro Preto, Vila Cabuçu, Dona Francisca and Cachoeirinha) North Zone
September 2013 34ÂȘ UPP Parque ArarĂĄ/Mandela Benfica (Formerly part of UPP Manguinhos,[21] the area of the UPP comprises Parque ArarĂĄ and Comunidade do Mandela) North Zone
May 2013 33ÂȘ UPP Cerro-CorĂĄ Cosme Velho (Area of UPP includes communities of Cerro-CorĂĄ, Guararapes, Vila CĂąndido, Coroado and JĂșlio Otoni) South Zone
12 April 2013 32ÂȘ UPP Barreira and Tuiuti SĂŁo CristĂłvĂŁo (UPP area is Barreira do Vasco and Tuiuti) Centro
12 April 2013 31ÂȘ UPP Caju Caju (UPP includes communities of Clemente Ferreira, Chatuba, Parque Alegria, Vila dos Mexicanos, Vila Boa Esperança, Vila Tiradentes, Ladeira dos FuncionĂĄrios (also known as Vila SĂŁo SebastiĂŁo, Cantinho do CĂ©u or Vila dos Sonhos), Nove Galo (also known as 950 or Parque da Conquista), Quinta do Caju, Manilha, Parque VitĂłria and Parque Nossa Senhora da Penha) North Zone
16 January 2013 30ÂȘ UPP Jacarezinho JacarĂ© (UPP includes Tancredo Neves, Pica-Pau Amarelo, Vila SĂŁo JoĂŁo, Xuxa, Marlene, Vila ViĂșva ClaĂșdio, MarimbĂĄ, Jacarezinho, Carlos Drummond de Andrade and Vila Jandira) North Zone
16 January 2013 29ÂȘ UPP Manguinhos Manguinhos (Area of UPP includes Manguinhos, Vila Turismo, Parque JoĂŁo Goulart, Parque Carlos Chagas (or Varginha), Parque Oswaldo Cruz (or Amorim), CHP2 (or Vila UniĂŁo), Conjunto Nelson Mandela, HigienĂłpolis, Vila SĂŁo Pedro and VitĂłria de Manguinhos (or Cobal) North Zone
20 September 2012 28ÂȘ UPP Rocinha Rocinha (Area of UPP includes Rocinha, Bairro Barcelos, Largo do Boiadeiro, Vila Verde, Curva do S, Cachopinha, Cachopa, Dioneia Almir, Vila UniĂŁo, Cidade Nova, Rua Um, Rua Dois, Rua TrĂȘs, Rua Quatro, PortĂŁo Vermelho, Vila Laboriaux, Vila Cruzado, 199, Faz Depressa, Vila Vermelha, Capado, TerreirĂŁo, Macega, Roupa Suja and Parque da Cidade) South Zone
28 August 2012 27ÂȘ UPP Vila Cruzeiro Penha (UPP includes Vila Cruzeiro, Cariri and Mira) North Zone
August 2012 26ÂȘ UPP Parque ProletĂĄrio Penha (UPP includes communities of Parque ProletĂĄrio, Vila ProletĂĄria da Penha and Laudelino Freire) North Zone
June 2012 25ÂȘ UPP Chatuba Penha (Area of UPP includes the communities of Chatuba, Parque ProletĂĄrio do GrotĂŁo, Caixa d’água, Caracol and Laudelino Freire) North Zone
27 June 2012 24ÂȘ UPP FĂ©/Sereno Penha (UPP area includes FĂ©, Sereno, Paz, Frei Gaspar and MaturacĂĄ) North Zone
30 May 2012 23ÂȘ UPP AlemĂŁo Complexo do AlemĂŁo (Area of UPP includes Morro do AlemĂŁo, Pedra do Sapo, Morro da Esperança, Armando SodrĂ© and Areal) North Zone
11 May 2012 22ÂȘ UPP Adeus/Baiana Bonsucesso (Area of UPP includes Morro do PiancĂł and the communities of ItararĂ© and HorĂĄcio Picoreli) North Zone
18 April 2012 21ÂȘ UPP Nova BrasĂ­lia Bonsucesso (Area of UPP includes Nova BrasĂ­lia, IpĂȘ ItararĂ©, MourĂŁo Filho, Largo

Gamboa, Cabão, Joaquim de Queiroz, Loteamento, Prédios, Jardim Guadalajara, Aterro I and Aterro II)

 North Zone
18 April 2012 20ÂȘ UPP Fazendinha InhaĂșma (Area of UPP includes Fazendinha, RelicĂĄrio, Palmeirinha, Morro das Palmeiras, Vila Matinha, Parque Alvorada, Te Contei, Rua Um and Casinhas) North Zone
18 January 2012 19ÂȘ UPP Vidigal Vidigal (Area of UPP includes Vidigal and ChĂĄcara do CĂ©u) South Zone
3 November 2011 18ÂȘ UPP Mangueira SĂŁo CristĂłvĂŁo Mangueira, and Benfica (Area of UPP includes the communities of Mangueira, Morro do TelĂ©grafo, Parque CandelĂĄria, Vila MisĂ©ria, Bartolomeu GusmĂŁo, Marechal Jardim, Buraco Quente, MinhocĂŁo and Parque dos Mineiros) North Zone
17 May 2011 17ÂȘ UPP SĂŁo Carlos EstĂĄcio and Rio Comprido (Area of UPP includes Morro do SĂŁo Carlos, Querosene, Mineira, Zinco, Azevedo Lima, Clara Nunes and Favela do Rato) Centro
25 February 2011 16ÂȘ UPP Escondidinho/Prazeres Santa Teresa (UPP area includes Morro dos Prazeres, Escondidinho, Vila Elza, Augusta de SĂĄ, Favelinha and Vila Anchieta) Centro
25 February 2011 15ÂȘ UPP Coroa, Fallet and Fogueteiro Rio Comprido (UPP area includes Morro da Coroa, Morro do Fallet, Fogueteiro, Vila Santa BĂĄrbara, Luiz Marcelino, Eliseu Visconti, Unidos de Santa Teresa, Vila Pereira da Silva and Amigos do Vale) Centro
28 January 2011 14ÂȘ UPP SĂŁo JoĂŁo, Matriz and Quieto Engenho Novo (UPP area includes Morro do SĂŁo JoĂŁo, Morro da Matriz and Morro do Quieto) North Zone
30 November 2010 13ÂȘ UPP Macacos Vila Isabel (Area of UPP includes Morro dos Macacos, Pau da Bandeira, Parque Recanto do Trovador and Parque Vila Isabel) North Zone
30 September 2010 12ÂȘ UPP Morro do Turano Tijuca, Rio Comprido (Area of UPP includes communities of Turano, Bispo, Pantanal, Parque Rebouças, Chacrinha, Matinha, 117, Liberdade, Pedacinho do CĂ©u, Paula Ramos, Acomodado, Santa Alexandrina, Rodo and SumarĂ©) North Zone
17 September 2010 11ÂȘ UPP Salgueiro Tijuca (Area of UPP includes Morro do Salgueiro and CorĂ©ia) North Zone
28 July 2010 10ÂȘ UPP AndaraĂ­ AndaraĂ­ (Area of UPP extends until GrajaĂș and includes the communities of Nova Divineia, JoĂŁo Paulo II, Juscelino Kubitschek, JamelĂŁo, Morro de Santo Agostinho, Borda do Mato, Arrelia and Rodo.) North Zone
1 July 2010 9ÂȘ UPP Formiga Tijuca (Morro da Formiga) North Zone
7 June 2010 8ÂȘ UPP Borel Tijuca (Area of UPP includes the communities of Morro do Borel, Buraco Quente, ChĂĄcara do CĂ©u, Casa Branca, Indiana, Catrambi, Morro da Cruz and Bananal) North Zone
25 April 2010 7ÂȘ UPP ProvidĂȘncia Santo Cristo, Gamboa and SaĂșde (Area of UPP includes Morros da ProvidĂȘncia, Vila Mimosa, SĂŁo Diogo, Moreira Pinto, Conjunto Vila PortuĂĄria and Pedra Lisa) Centro
14 January 2010 6ÂȘ UPP Tabajaras/Cabritos Copacabana, Botafogo (Area of UPP includes Ladeira dos Tabajaras, Morro dos Cabritos, Pico do Papagaio, Nova Mangueira (in Botafogo) and Morro da Saudade South Zone
23 December 2009 5ÂȘ UPP PavĂŁo-PavĂŁozinho Copacabana, Ipanema (UPP area includes PavĂŁo-PavĂŁozinho, Cantagalo e VietnĂŁ) South Zone
10 June 2009 4ÂȘ UPP BabilĂŽnia and ChapĂ©u-Mangueira Leme (UPP Area includes Morro da BabilĂŽnia, ChapĂ©u-Mangueira) South Zone
18 February 2009 3ÂȘ UPP Batan Realengo (UPP Area includes Batan, Vila Jurema, Jardim Água Branca, Vila Nova, Itaporanga and Duarte Coelho) West Zone
16 February 2009 2ÂȘ UPP Cidade de Deus Cidade de Deus (UPP area includes Cidade de Deus, Quadras, Apartamentos, CaratĂȘ, Beirada do Rio, Jardim Novo Mundo, Rua Davi, Banca da Velha, Coroado, SĂ­tio da Amizade, MoisĂ©s, Praça da BĂ­blia, Pantanal, Santa EfigĂȘnia, Moquiço, Efraim, Vila Nova Cruzada, Vila da Conquista and Jardins do AmanhĂŁ) West Zone
28 November 2008 1ÂȘ UPP Santa Marta Botafogo (UPP area encompasses Dona Marta also known as Santa Marta) South Zone

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ "Rio de Janeiro police move to regain control of some favelas". AP NEWS. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Magaloni, Beatriz; Franco-Vivanco, Edgar; Melo, Vanessa (2020). "Killing in the Slums: Social Order, Criminal Governance, and Police Violence in Rio de Janeiro". American Political Science Review. 114 (2): 552–572. doi:10.1017/S0003055419000856. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 229170858.
  3. ↑ Rodrigues, Robson (2014). "The Dilemmas of Pacification: News of War and Peace in the 'Marvelous City'". Stability: International Journal of Security & Development. 3: 22. doi:10.5334/sta.dt. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  4. ↑ "Novo comandante das UPPs jĂĄ esteve Ă  frente do Bope e do 12Âș BPM (NiterĂłi)". O Globo (in Portuguese). 18 December 2012.
  5. ↑ "UPPs do Jacarezinho e de Manguinhos serão inauguradas nesta quarta-feira". O Dia (in Portuguese). 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  6. ↑ Bairros com UPP tiveram queda na criminalidade Archived 6 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  7. 1 2 "Beltrame admite: bandidos migraram para NiterĂłi" (in Portuguese). oglobo.com. 1 May 2012.
  8. ↑ Magalhaes, Maria Inez; Savedra, Paloma (18 February 2013). "Mangueira revive passado de terror com luto por morte de traficante". O Dia (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  9. ↑ "Chart showing from which pacified favelas have criminals migrated to Niterói" (in Portuguese). oglobo.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  10. ↑ Goulart, Gustavo (9 September 2012). "Beltrame diz que UPP da Rocinha vai quebrar paradigmas". O Globo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  11. ↑ Barros, Jorge Antonio (24 December 2012). "Repórter de Crime: Dores de Natal" (in Portuguese). O Globo. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  12. ↑ Trezena, Bruno (1 September 2012). "Dois homens morrem em operação na Nova Holanda". O Dia. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  13. 1 2 "Exército sai e traficantes atacam PM no Alemão" (in Portuguese). 9 July 2012. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  14. 1 2 3 Cunha, Vania (20 July 2012). "Pesquisa aponta que UPPs provocaram redução no nĂșmero de assassinatos". Jornal O Dia (ODia.com.br). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  15. ↑ Baena, V. Favelas in the spotlight: Transforming the slums of Rio de Janeiro. Harvard International Review. Spring 2011: 34-37.
  16. ↑ Dia, Diogo, Alves, Edson Francisco (20 July 2012). "Cidade partida tambĂ©m cria abismo entre UPPs". O Dia (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Bruno, Cassio; Onofre, Renato (10 November 2012). "Liberdade polĂ­tica Ă© reforçada com implantação das UPPs". O Globo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  18. ↑ Magalhaes, Maria Inez (5 August 2012). "Polícia encontra explosivos em casa na Fazendinha". O Dia (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  19. ↑ Barreto, Diego (23 September 2012). "Tráfico ataca UPP do Alemão e mata uma PM" (in Portuguese). O Globo.
  20. ↑ "Mais 500 policiais para tentar pacificar o Alemão". O Dia. 28 July 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  21. ↑ "Sob críticas, PM do Rio troca comando de 25 UPPs".
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